The reason the who should avoid list is framed so broadly is not boilerplate caution
The penetration angle is perpendicular to the skin surface, creating cleaner channels with less tissue trauma
It means the evidence is not yet strong enough to make definitive claims
Proposed pathways include modulation of multiple neurotransmitter systems (influencing serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate levels), possible involvement of NMDA receptors, alpha-1 adrenergic signaling (e.g., potentiating pineal acetyltransferase activity), inhibition of somatostatin release via dopaminergic routes, reduced ACTH/cortisol for stress buffering, and stimulated growth hormone or somatoliberin secretion
What the clinical research actually shows Separating marketing claims from actual research data is essential for anyone considering this combination