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11 Brain Function: A related form, Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), can cross the blood-brain barrier and is studied for potential benefits in improving cognitive function, memory, and mood, particularly in aging or neurodegenerative conditions
Data availability Not applicable Abbreviations 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine -HB: Alpha-hydroxybutyric acid -syn: Alpha-synuclein BBB: Blood-brain barrier BCSFB: Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier BMDM: Bone marrow-derived macrophage CCL2: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (MCP-1) CCL3: C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (MIP-1) CCL5: C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (RANTES) CD: Cluster of differentiation CNS: Central nervous system CRP: C-reactive protein CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid CXCL10: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 DA: Dopamine DCA: Deoxycholic acid DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid EV: Extracellular vesicle GBA1: Glucosylceramidase Beta 1 GCase: Glucocerebrosidase enzyme activity GDCA: Glycodeoxycholic acid GPR40: G protein-coupled receptor 40 HA: Hippuric acid HLA-DR: Human leukocyte antigen - DR isotype IFN-: Interferon gamma IL-1: Interleukin-1 beta IL-2: Interleukin-2 IL-4: Interleukin-4 IL-6: Interleukin-6 IL-8: Interleukin-8 IL-10: Interleukin-10 IL-13: Interleukin-13 IP-10: Interferon-gamma-induced protein 10 L-DOPA: Levodopa LBs: Lewy body/bodies LDL: Low-density lipoprotein LNs: Lewy neuritis LRRK2: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 LPS: Lipopolysaccharide MHC: Major histocompatibility complex miRNA: MicroRNA MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential MP: Microparticle MV: Microvesicle MPTP: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell NHC: Neurologically healthy control NFAT: Nuclear factor of activated T cells NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate NLRP3: NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 PBMCs: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells PD: Parkinson disease PET: Positron emission tomography PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid RBD: REM sleep behaviour disorder REM: Rapid eye movement RNA: Ribonucleic acid ROS: Reactive oxygen species SN: Substantia nigra SNCA: Synuclein alpha gene SNpc: Substantia nigra pars compacta TCA: Tricarboxylic acid TG: Triglyceride TGF-1: Transforming growth factor beta-1 Th: T helper TLR: Toll-like receptor TNF-: Tumour necrosis factor alpha TRAF6: TNF- receptor-associated factor 6 TSPO: Translocator protein UA: Uric acid UPDRS: Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale References Armstrong MJ, Okun MS
IF was examined using an SP8 Confocal Microscope and LAS X Image processing software (Leica)
While synthetic human growth hormone (HGH) can be effective, it's expensive, suppressive, and banned in nearly every sport
Carnitine and acylcarnitine can also be used as metabolic messengers to participate in the communication between tissues and coordinate energy metabolism between tissues
