The lack of vitamin B12 may result from any of the following conditions: Addisonian (pernicious) anemia this condition causes autoantibody formation against parietal cells, which results in a lack of IF essential for absorption of vitamin B12 from the intestine Malabsorption impaired absorption of vitamin B12 Gastrointestinal pathology, dysfunction, or surgery these include atrophic gastritis, celiac disease, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, pancreatic insufficiency, Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric carcinoma, and total or partial gastrectomy Diphyllobothrium latum and related species (the fish tapeworm) infestation these parasites compete with vitamin B12 for intestinal absorption
They tell you a molecule is worth the cost and complexity of a proper human trial
Forgetting to account for dead space
Yet, the body's response can vary widely
the study physician attributed the death to pre-existing coronary artery disease unrelated to the drug, but the FDA's Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee cited this "unresolved cardiac signal" in December 2024 as a reason to keep the compound off the approved compounding list