When it transforms from yeast to hyphal form, the cell wall becomes hydrophobic, and finally forms a completely hydrophobic biofilm (Le et al., 2024)
dumbbells, barbells), resistance bands, or even body weight (e.g
Additionally, NAD + is required for fatty acid metabolism during -oxidation, glutaminolysis generating -ketoglutarate, mitochondrial shuttling of metabolites, and lactic acid fermentation 3,4,5
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However, an uncontrolled increase in their concentrations leads to a chain of unwanted radical reactions that target the main biomolecules (DNA, RNA, lipids, and proteins) and alters key processes such as nucleic acid oxidation, lipid peroxidation, thereby contributing to the loss of cellular architecture, to impaired cell signalling and, ultimately, to cell death [25, 46]