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When GLP-1 binds to these receptors, it can shift macrophages from a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6, increase anti-inflammatory adiponectin, and inhibit NF-B, a key regulator of pro-inflammatory gene expression
Nevertheless, cystine is taken up by some cells (i.e., endothelial cells) and, given the high reducing conditions, is intracellularly reduced to cysteine, employed for the synthesis of GSH ( The last GSH synthetic process is the one depending on the conversion of the oxidized dimer GSSG to 2 reduced GSH molecules in cells by glutathione reductase (GR), an ubiquitous enzyme of the family of disulfide reductases, in the presence of NADPH and flavin adenine dinucleotide -FAD-
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GIP (polipeptdeo insulinotrpico dependente de glicose) participa do efeito incretina, aumentando a secreo de insulina aps a refeio
The contralateral cerebellum may also be involved
